Dynamics of the Refugee Movement During and After the Partition

Several themes have been identified in the film â€Å"Khamosh Pani†, all speaking about the society and politics of Pakistan and the influence of the partition on the two. The concept goes from discussing the refugee movements to Zia’s Islamization and the religious intolerance to position of women in our culture. In my paper, I’ll be talking mostly about the dynamics of the refugee movement during and after 1947. India was divided on the 14th and 15th of August, 1947 into the sovereign states of the union of India (latter republic of India) and the dominion of Pakistan (latter renamed as Islamic Republic of Pakistan and Peoples Republic of Bangladesh). The partition was broadcasted in the Indian Independence act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Indian Empire. Punjab was divided into two, the west side for Punjab of Pakistan and the east side for Punjab of India. The major districts affected were jallunder, Gurdespur and Hoslipur. Sadly the people of this area knew not until almost the last minute whether they were to put as part of India or Pakistan. Apart from this, Bengal province was divided into East Pakistan (Bangladesh after 1971), far from the rest of the country (West Pakistan). The Partition resulted in the relocation of around eight million Muslims, and some what the same numbers of Sikhs and Hindus, across the Indo-Pakistan borders in the in 1947. This has been recorded as the largest refugee movement of the 20th century, and was accompanied by communal violence and atrocities committed on all sides of the religious spectrum, with a death toll calculated at approximately 1 million. People were moving from east Punjab to west Punjab and vice versa, west Bengal to east and people from the mainland India, United Province /Central Province/Delhi mainly migrated to urban area of Pakistan especially Karachi and Hyderabad. Over all some 14 million people left everything behind and set out to move across the newly formed border by train, bus, lorry, bull arts and foot, all to seek refuge with â€Å"their own kind†. Many were slaughtered by the opposing side, many starved or exhausted to death. Also, a large number of those who made it across died from diseases like cholera dysentery. People were left behind as well, families were broken apart. This is shown in â€Å"Khamosh Pani† too. The refugees had to face many proble ms, this accounts for both sides of the border. Their problems can mainly be classified into social, economical and emotional/psychological. Social problems are normally that of adjusting with the new language and new culture. However, in this case, although communication and culture may not have been the major problem, there were other social problems such as having to leave their community and neighbours, people with such strong family ties from centuries. The social displacement was so huge, in India they lived in villages, in mohallahs, in cities within net cohesive societies. And then coming to a new land, trying to embrace it and hoping to be embraced back by it. When they came here, they had to disperse all over Pakistan where ever they could settle or get their hold over property. Secondly the economic problems meant having to leave all their assets/ property/ belongings behind when they shifted to the new area. They had no shelter, no food, and no money. Although some land was allotted on proof of property possession in India but most people did not have property documents. This also links with the administrative problem that the system and the government faced because of these refugees. It had nothing to feed them; the country itself was just learning to stand on its own feet. There was massive insecurity and threat. The funds it had, it wanted to pump into defence for the long term interest and safekeeping of the country. However, the already residing Muslims welcomed them and backed them up, the government put up relief camps for the refugee wellbeing but this too only mean further movement and disarticulation for them. Still with no business, no job, no property, the life of the refugees took a new start from scratch. Thirdly, the refugees were over come with stress, mental exhaustion and psychological denial. Having to leave their assets behind and struggling for life in a new piece of land was one thing; these people had seen so much blood shed that is was nearly impossible to continue life in its normal state. The thought your loved ones killed, slaughtered, shot, burned gives one the chills, and these people had to witness such horror through their own eyes. The opposing side killed mercilessly. They looted. They molested and captured and killed females. Such images aren’t easily forgotten and stories still run in many families of the hardships faced by our ancestors. Relatives left behind had it worse, and their families lived in the trauma of knowing their loved was alive and there was no way of getting to them, as shown in the film â€Å"Khamosh Pani†. The difficulties these refugees faced no doubt caused incurable pain and discomfort. But did they get an advantage out of all this? Did they and their generations live better now then had they not migrated? Certainly yes. The migration to a Muslim homeland opened doors for opportunities they would have never seen otherwise. Same goes for the Sikh and Hindus that migrated to the east. They got a better economic environment, new jobs, and new business. Many got better properties. In united India, very few Muslims could get good jobs and favourable livelihood, due to the British favourism towards the Hindus/non Muslims. The new civil sector, government sector, the military, proper colleges and universities, all opened up new branches to life for these refugees. They could now enjoy a life that would otherwise not have been possible for many decades to come.

The Yellow Wallpaper Essay English Literature Essay

During the nineteenth century, adult females sought to asseverate themselves in an effort to get the better of the position quo of male domination, which forbade them from political assignment and rational indulgence. Furthermore, experts in the kingdom of medical specialty and scientific discipline sought to qualm the idea of feminine upward mobility, by observing the comparative failing of females in an effort to warrant inequality ( Bed Rest 4 ) . â€Å" The Yellow Wallpaper † by Charlotte Perkins Gilman represents an flight from society ‘s functions of adult females and recovering the freedom they have lost. The storyteller, endeavoring for female individualism is invariably hindered by male domination derived from the 19th century which drives her to perpetrate self-destruction.In the articleWoman Sphere and Public Squarewritten by Karen Fisher Younger, she states:Americans from this clip period defined adult female ‘s function as domestic and private, separat e from the universe of public life. More than this, it was thought adult female was morally and spiritually purer exactly because she stayed off from the perverting public sphere. It was during this clip adult females ‘s traditional domestic functions at place as married womans and female parents took on a sacred quality. And this separate domains ideology one private for adult females and the other public for work forces were perceived as changeless jurisprudence from God. ( 43 ) Ironically plenty, the political orientation of separate domains helped magnify adult females ‘s influence in the populace, harmonizing to historiographers. Womans were viewed as more moral and spiritually sound than work forces, touting the belief that adult females were better equipped to lend to the overall morality of society. The storyteller, a adult female prescribed to rest remedy by her physician/husband John, is confined to her sleeping room, a kid ‘s baby's room with bad xanthous pigment and bars on the Windowss. The two Windowss that she looks out of, represents the possibilities of adult females if seen as peers by the opposite sex. The words she uses to depict her position through the first window are â€Å" I can see the garden, those cryptic deep-shaded arbor, the exuberant antique flowers, and shrubs and gnarled trees † ( 328 ) . The word picture of â€Å" the garden † represents society. The word â€Å" cryptic † show that adult females ‘s ability has n't been brought away into the visible radiation. The 2nd 1 shows â€Å" the lovely position of the bay † and â€Å" a small private pier, belonging to the estate † ( 328 ) . The bay shows that society was unfamiliar with the abilities of adult females and the private pier shows that adult females ar e excluded from things in society. Following is the xanthous wallpaper. The colour yellow is looked at as mark of illness or failing. â€Å" The colour is rebarbative, about revolting: a smouldering dirty yellow, queerly faded by the slow-turning sunshine, It is a dull yet lurid orange in some topographic points, a sallow sulfur shade in others † ( 327 ) . This implies that adult females are the weaker of the two sexes. The storyteller ‘s hubby tells her to acquire over her disfavor of the xanthous wall paper in the room. â€Å" He laughs at me so about this wallpaper! At foremost he intend to repaper the room, but subsequently he said that I was allowing it acquire the better of me, and that nil was worse for a nervous patient than to give manner to such illusions † ( 327 ) . This shows that when adult females try to liberate themselves from the restrictive bonds of society, work forces oppress them and implement the thought that they are inferior. The want of the storyteller ‘s individualism drives her to perpetrate self-destruction. She wants to leap out the window but â€Å" the bars are excessively strong even to seek † ( 335 ) . The bars symbolize the restrictive clasp that her hubby or all work forces have on her, or all adult females in society. â€Å" I ‘ve got a rope up here that even Jennie did non happen † ( 335 ) , the rope symbolizes the manner she is traveling to manage her state of affairs. As John comes to the door and tells the storyteller to open it, she had already locked it from the interior. â€Å" In the soft voice † she tells him, â€Å" I ca n't, † and that â€Å" the key is down by the front stairss under the plantain foliage † ( 335 ) . At this minute in clip she is â€Å" firmly fastened † by the â€Å" well-hidden rope † and is already strung up like â€Å" all those strangled caputs † behind the wallpaper ( 335 ) . John goes to reco ver the key, he comes back to open the door and to his surprise he faints. The horror behind all this was he put her in that room where she became imprisoned by the wallpaper. In decision, you could state that hanging herself was her signifier of flight. In a male dominated society adult females during this period were suppose to be seen and non heard, and their occupation chiefly was to hold kids and take attention of the house. The storyteller had things she loved to make, but because of the clip in which she lived, those things were non what the regulations of society wanted. â€Å" There comes John, and I must set this off – he hates to hold me compose a word † ( 327 ) . She has her ain thoughts and ideas that she would wish to show. â€Å" I think sometimes that if I were merely good plenty to compose a small, it would alleviate the imperativeness of thoughts, and rest me † ( 328 ) . The manner adult females were treated so â€Å" It is so detering non to hold any advice ; and companionship about their work † ( 328 ) . The storyteller ‘s state of affairs could hold been avoided, if her hubby had listened to the warnin g marks and allowed her the little pleasances she delighted in. The parturiency of the xanthous wallpapered room allowed the mute subjugation of her life to attest and subsequently lead to her self-destruction.Plants Citedâ€Å" Bed Rest Would n't Make for Pioneering Feminist. †USA Today Magazine139.2777 ( 2010 ) : 4-5. Print. Fisher Younger, Karen. â€Å" Women ‘s Sphere and the Public Square: The Beecher Sisters ‘ Dilemma Over Slavery. †International Congressional Journal8.2 ( 2009 ) : 43-51. Print. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å" The Yellow Wallpaper. † Kennedy and Gioia 325-336. Kennedy, X.J. , and Dana Gioia, eds.Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing.6th Compact erectile dysfunction. New York: Longman, 2010. Print

Governmet's Indian Policy in 1930s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Governmet's Indian Policy in 1930s - Essay Example The romantic in Winston Churchill had an unbreakable emotional attachment with India as a part of the British Empire. This is very evident in what Louis Mountbatten had to say of Winston Churchill to Archibald Wavell who was then the Viceroy of India: "And he also disputed the idea of any advance (of autonomy) in India because he has got a very emotional feeling about India; he was there as a young subaltern the Fourth Hussars in 1897 or something of the sort. To him India is Kipling, it is polo, it is soldiering, it is glamour, it is everything. He doesn't want to see that go away and he thinks, in some ways quite rightly, that India is happier under British Rule." The intrinsic factor combined with extrinsic factors such as economic and political influences, requirements and his motives of the times. Thus, in his stand against granting more autonomy to India, we find different shades and hues of the character and personality of Sir Winston Churchill. The 1930s were the 'Wilderness Years' for Winston Churchill. He was out of the Government, and naturally desperate to get back. During the period he had raised a string of issues, or rather, he had raised the alarm over several incidents or happenings that he perceived and propagated as threats but were disproved as false alarms by his detractors. These included what he considered as the threat from Bolshevik Russia; the destabilizing force of the General Strike of 1926, the crippling effect that the loss of India could have both on the empire and India itself; and the abdication crisis of 1936. The consequence was that Churchill began to be considered more of an alarmist, that he lacked knowledge or insight of the practical situation on the ground, that he was a rabble-rouser, more so in the case of his tirades against granting more autonomy to India as envisaged in the 1935 India Act. Judith M Brown echoes the same opinion: British officials who had experienced the 1919 constitutional experiment, the Simon Commission debacle and civil disobedience knew they had to conciliate a widening range of Indian political opinion and to harness it to the process of government. Even Wellington's administration which refused to 'deal' or 'treat' with Gandhi in 1932-3 realized that Ordinance rule and smashing the congress organization was only a temporary solution. At the turn of 1931-2 Wellington had unsuccessfully tried to extract from London greater freedom in appointing his Executive Council, partly to enable him to admit more Indians as a counterpoise to the draconian policies adopted to crush civil disobedience. He argued that he could not use the big stick unless he could demonstrate real movement towards more Indian political responsibility Given such messages from the men on the spot, only the die-hard wing of the Tory Party led by Churchill and Salisbury, backed by the Rathermore Press opposed a reform package. For reasons of ideology and party strategy, they belaboured the National Government's attempts to produce a reform package. (Brown pp.275 - 276) She goes on to add: Churchill was bitterly hostile to Indian aspirations and given to tirades in Cabinet about the maintenance

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case analysis - Essay Example The NFL proposed a squad player salary of $ 1,000 per week. The union, however, insisted that the club owners give squad players benefits and protections similar to those provided regular players. After negotiations on the issue of developmental squad salaries reached an impasse, the NFL unilaterally implemented the developmental squad program by distributing to the clubs a uniform contract that embodied the terms of the program and the $ 1,000 proposed weekly salary. In 1990, 235 squad players brought suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against the NFL and its member clubs, in which suit it was claimed that the employers' agreement to pay the squad players a $ 1,000 weekly salary violated the Sherman Act (15 USCS 1 et seq.). The District Court dismissed the petitioner's complaint. Thus, the case was brought to the Court of Appeals, which upheld the decision of the lower court. Petitioner then elevated the case to the Supreme Court on a writ of certiorari. A. The Supreme Court on certiorari said that the nonstatutory labor exemption shields from federal antitrust attack an agreement among several employers bargaining together to implement, after a collective bargaining impasse, the terms of the employers' last best good-faith wage offer. C. B. With respect to the application of the nonstatutory labor exemption to multiemployer collective bargaining, there was no basis for distinguishing football players from other organized workers. C. Stevens, J., expressed the view that neither the policies underlying the labor and antitrust statutory schemes, nor the purpose of the nonstatutory exemption, provided a justification for exempting from antitrust scrutiny collective action initiated by employers to depress wages below the level that would be produced in a free market. REACTION TO THE CASE The antitrust exemption applies to the employer conduct at issue here, which took place during and immediately after a collective-bargaining negotiation; grew out of, and was a directly related to, the lawful operation of the bargaining process; involved a matter that the parties were required to negotiate collectively; and concerned only the parties to the collective-bargaining relationship. The Court's holding is not intended to insulate from antitrust review every joint imposition of terms by employers, for an employer agreement could be sufficiently distant in time and in circumstances from the bargaining process that a rule permitting antitrust intervention would not significantly interfere with that process. The Court need not decide in this case

Overview of Qualitative Research Study-Terence Essay

Overview of Qualitative Research Study-Terence - Essay Example This research method answers the how and why of decision making. It goes further than quantitative research method which only answers the where, what, and when? This paper aims at dissecting qualitative research to gain an understanding on the characteristics of the research design and to know when and where it is appropriate for use. A sample size refers to a subset of a population that gets selected for a given study. Sample size is a vital aspect of any research study. It provides for a basis from which inferences about a population can be determined. It refers to the number of observation used to calculate or determine the characteristics of a given population (Barbour, 2013). When undertaking sample size determination for qualitative studies, it is vital to know that there are no fixed or fast rules. However, it is important to give at least two considerations when coming up with the sample size. The first consideration should be how large does the sample need to be to enable the identification of consistent patterns. The sample size should be large enough to leave the researcher with nothing left to learn or no emergent trend. The second consideration should be how large the sample should be to provide a reflection of the target population. The sample size must be large enough to help assess an appropriate amount of diversity represented across the target population. Under qualitative studies, the researcher may estimate the sample size base on his or her data collection methods or the approach of their study. For example when undertaking a case study approach in a qualitative study, the researcher selects one case or one person. Another example can be when using focus group discussions as a data collection method. The researcher gets to create groups that average 5-10 people each (Silverman, 2013). The researcher also has to consider the number of focus groups that will be

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Furthermore, certain agricultural and waste management practices worsen the problem by releasing other global warming gases that are potent such as nitrous oxide and methane. Global warming has both positive and negative effects to human beings and ecosystem as a whole. According to BÃ ¶hringer et al, several studies, shows that the global temperature shows a warming trend. Consequently, based on scientific studies of ice cores, coral reefs and tree rings; a result about the global temperatures increasing is made. Furthermore, starting from the Industrial Revolution in the mid of 1700s, the global average temperatures has increased with emphasize in the past several decades. According to World Meteorological Organization, temperature of global land surface has been ranked warmest from records calculated since 1880. Furthermore, global average temperature has increased over the last century by more than 1Â °F (0.7Â °C). Consequently, the 2001-2010 decade is the warmest since 1880. Actually, nine of the warmest recorded years happened in just the last 10 years. Moreover, this warming has come with a decrease in very cold days and nights and an increase in real hot days and warm nights. For instance; United States, has since recorded daily highs tw ice as frequently recorded daily lows from 2000 to 2009. Consequently, the record shows that some areas of the world are warming at a high rate than others. Generally, the long-term global upward trend is clear. There are signs of global warming seen in the North Pole there include; Sea ice melting, the tundra warming up, glaciers in retreat, some species becoming endangered and disappearing significantly and the sea level rising. According to U.S Geology Survey (2007), it is estimated that changes in sea ice conditions will led to an extinction of nearly 50% of bear’s population in 2050. Naturally, land and

Interracial dating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interracial dating - Essay Example There has been an increase in the number of interracial relationships and marriages, as people from different races interact freely and form great friendships. More than five decades ago, interracial dating was unconstitutional, especially concerning the relationships between black people and white people. This was due to racism, segregation and the fact that some people held some primitive notions that insinuated that black and white people were biologically incompatible. They thought that interracial dating and marriages would lead to interbreeding, therefore, blemishing their pure race. In the modern day society, globalization has forced people to travel to new places, experience new cultures and interact with new ethnicities. This has led to a steady increase in interracial dating (Alderman 4). Even though many stereotypes concerning interracial dating continue to exist, there is a lot of significance in the practice, as this essay will demonstrate. Firstly, interracial dating plays an important role in bringing different ethnic groups together. In my opinion, interracial dating is significant in increasing cohesion between rival ethnic groups. Take the example of African Americans and the Caucasians people. African Americans had been segregated and treated unfairly in the past. They had to deal with many atrocities committed against them during the slavery era. When they got their freedom, they decided to narrow down the pre-existing knowledge gap in the education field and occupational fields. Many years later, African Americans have been able to work and school with the Caucasians. Although many African Americans feel that they are not presented with equal opportunities as their Caucasian counterparts, a significant number of Black people have dropped the excuses and competed effectively in every educational and occupational field. As a result, they have worked and interacted with Caucasian colleagues and sometimes developed intimate relationships.

Ethics in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Practice - Essay Example Fox also provides suggestions for improvement. She strongly points out that although we should be thankful for the efforts of DeKeseredy and Kelly in researching into the important matter regarding the abuse of women, the approach of the researchers are too presumptuous and that the real dynamics of violence and abuse are too complicated to be explained by the statistical evidence presented. The conclusions as well as the implied messages of the researchers are flawed, in that the data itself is not sufficient to reach such conclusions. Before I begin stating my thoughts regarding the authors response, let me first make it clear that I stand strongly against men abusing women and that I support efforts to research further into the matter. Abuse is very damaging to the person experiencing it, whether it may come in the form of physical, emotional, or psychological damage. However, one must be very critical in defining what is considered as an abuse, and what is not. I believe that in the research done, the line was obscure and inappropriate. It is with this that I would like to say that I am in agreement with the author, in that the research done by DeKeseredy and Kelly is flawed and biased. I personally think that, based on the readings about their research, DeKeseredy and Kelly probably lack the experience necessary for a deeper understanding of what is really going on between man and woman. I felt that their conclusions were naà ¯ve, and that they looked only on the data without really understanding what is really going on. The dynamics of relationship is truly not that simple. But despite that, I salute the researchers for at least doing the research, because this is really a matter that everyone should be concerned about. Despite the fact that reading some of their conclusions regarding men and women and some of the things implied on their research made me frown quite a lot in disagreement, I would agree at the

The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock Essay Example for Free

The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock Essay Without a doubt, T.S. Eliot is one of the most important figures of English literature. In the world of poetry he towers even more. One of the Eliot’s best known works is The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, which at the time of its publication was even considered as one of the most important events in the history of English poetry (Lowe, 1). This must not comes as a surprise bearing in mind the fact that there is something radical about the poem as if Eliot was saying that he intends to do something new; something never done before. He succeeded to a great extent and he wrote a poem that is haunting in its powerful way of describing an unhealthy form of rigid self-examination because the main character is the ultimate representative of all those who are self-conscious to a fault. J. Alfred Prufrock’s extreme self-consciousness greatly affected his personality and his relationship with others especially to the one he loves. The problem of J. Alfred Prufrock can be further simplified into the following: 1. He was a an extremely self-conscious man; and 2. He was an extremely self-conscious lover Being a very self-conscious man will already create serious problems for Prufrock but if he will add â€Å"self-conscious lover† to his resume then he is in for a big trouble. A self-conscious man is already struggling with low self-esteem, immobilized by analysis paralysis and wasting time second guessing himself but if he becomes a lover his anxieties is taken to the next level. But before going any further it is better to start understanding Prufrock as a man. A Self-conscious Man There is nothing wrong with a healthy dose of self-consciousness. This prevents a person from thinking too highly about himself and saves him from the destructive forces of pride and other narcissistic behavior. Being self-conscious is the mark of a wise man making him sensitive to others around him and he will always do his best to look presentable and try as much as he can not to offend anyone. But there is also the extreme side of being self-conscious. Robert Cook was correct when he remarked that there is such a thing as an â€Å"excess of consciousness† or as Cook would like to put it, an â€Å"unhealthy self-consciousness† (224). He was talking about Prufrock, the literary character who expertly demonstrated how to behave in such extremes. It can be argued that one of the root causes of extreme self-consciousness is fear. Fear of being rejected, fear of loss, fear of the unknown, fear of betrayal, fear of pain and so much more. But trying to insulate a person’s life from these tragedies may help him to avoid specific setbacks but it does not guarantee happiness or experiencing life to the fullest. So Prufrock will now have to choose between protecting himself from pain or the chance of becoming self-fulfilled and most importantly the chance to be with the person that he loves. For many it is a no-brainer question; they will take a chance than to forever regret not risking anything and therefore losing everything. Prufrock’s timidity was expertly hidden by the use of his intellect. He justifies his pathetic existence by the superiority of his reasoning. Beginning in lines 26 Prufrock believed in his own delusion and he said: There will be time, there will be time To prepare†¦ Time for you and time for me, And time yet for a hundred indecisions, And for hundred visions and revisions, Before the taking of a toast and tea Prufrock could be forgiven if he is dealing with life and death situations that require careful planning and analysis. Everyone will understand if he was contemplating on a career change or deciding to marry someone or not. But most of the time his problems are as simple as deciding to go out or not or to eat a piece a fruit or refrain from doing so. It requires decision to do such things but a normal person will do it in a snap, not to brood over it for days; and not spending so much time over it that he can even write a poem describing his thought process. A Self-conscious Lover It was made clear that this poem should focus on love, particularly the love between a man and a woman. In order to direct the focus of the reader to this subject matter Eliot made sure that the title should inform that this is a love song, a heartfelt song from Prufrock to his lover. Moreover, Eliot introduces the poem using the words from perhaps the greatest lover of all, Dante who went to hell and back for the love of his life Beatrice (McCormick, 108). There is only one difficulty with that assertion – it is hard to see the ramblings of the self-tortured man as a love song. How could he win his lover through the use of such language? Is there a woman out there who will be flattered by his inability to act decisively? Maybe Prufrock was looking for a female version of a self-doubter like him. As mentioned earlier, being a self-conscious man is enough to bring trouble to a man but if the same person falls in love; his world will totally turn upside down. Being self-conscious means the inability to decide if he will move forward or backward. A man in love will only feel one action and it is moving forward, the natural reaction of a man is attracted to a lovely thing. It is a natural behavior when a man is drawn to a beautiful woman. One could just imagine the conflict raging on inside Prufrock, his natural tendencies forces him to move in circles while his heart pushes him to move forward. It is like sliding down a slippery slope and one tries to stop the downhill slide with bare hands. It is painful and not a wise move. Prufrock already had enough on his plate dealing with mundane things but when love entered the picture he was totally overwhelmed from extreme self-consciousness. In line 55, in one of the most revealing part of the poem, Prufrock tells of his insecurity in the presence of other people: And I have known the arms already, known them all – The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase, And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin, When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, Then how should I begin? Prufrock sees himself like a specimen being studied closely by others. He may be right that there are those who make it their business to gossip and spread lies against other people, but life should not be lived that way and that there is no excuse for his behavior. Yet Prufrock refuses to change his mind. Conclusion Prufrock felt like he was about to ram against a wall. The wall of criticism is standing between him and his lady love. The critics are many and they surround him. He felt that he was like someone pinned to the wall while the rich and powerful ladies are circling around and examining his limited capabilities and mediocre appearance. On the other hand he felt something inside him that encourages him to leap beyond the wall and by doing so win the love of a woman. At the end Prufrock was convinced that he does not have what it takes to confront the inner voices that tell him he was not good enough. He decided to quit the fight. He rationalizes that it is not worth it and that there is no use delaying the inevitable and for him there is no sense in struggling when he knew perfectly well that at the end he will lose the fight. At the end nothing of value can be seen except that the life of J. Alfred Prufrock serves as an example to what awaits a man with an unhealthy sense of consciousness.

Technology Infrastructure Essay Example for Free

Technology Infrastructure Essay Information Technology Infrastructure is the integrated framework upon which networks operate. The infrastructure is the physical hardware used to interconnect computers and users or in some cases it is viewed as everything that supports the flow and processing of information, the transmission media, which includes telephone and cable television lines and also the routers, repeaters and other devices that control transmission paths. The software used to send, receive and manage the signals that are transmitted is also part of the infrastructure and should be managed and designed accordingly in other to have an effective network. In this final paper I will assess, compile, update and synthesize all the information that I have collected throughout the 10 weeks. A proposal will then be written to address some problems and deficiencies which were uncovered in the network and what my proposed solution is. Part 1: Network Assessment  The network that I have been characterizing is a small local area network for an Accounting firm in downtown Manhattan. The network will be made up of 14 workstations where 8 will be used for invoice billing, 1 for the manager, 2 for the IT department, 1 for reception the 2 others will be left unused just in case employees from other offices are there on business and need to access work related files. The LAN is being designed with the hope of expansion to another floor in the coming months so provision is made with this in mind. Considering the size of the organization I chose to design a LAN because of it is cost effective, because of the connectivity and communication which allows users to communicate be email with each other, Data Sharing lets the networked computers share data with each other and because Data Security and Management allows the administrator to manage the data better. I also kept in mind that instead of installing software and updates to each individual computer the software can be uploaded to the entire network and dispatched to all computers on said network eliminating time and expenses. Designing this network called for effective Information Technology planning which is a key ingredient in achieving strategic business success when implanting a network or any type of information technology infrastructure. Because the network is comprised of 10 workstations and the manger as well as the CEO will be using laptops I have chosen to use fiber optic instead of regular cable especially due to the amount of noise present in cable communication media with a DSL / Digital Subscriber Line internet connection while incorporating wireless service for laptops and visiting employees as well as those who work from home. Though Fiber-optic seem to be a bit pricy my decision to go with Laser Fiber Optic was based the company needing the computers to be up and running all day and making sure that the lines are secured. Secondly because the company is thinking of expanding to another floor we need the transmission range to maximize, so 100 kilometers as far as transmission range is important. The only other alternative media that I would consider is the thick coaxial cable but we would need to incorporate the use of repeaters after a 100meters when the company is ready to expand. The main issue to consider is how secure this line is which is the reason why Fiber-optic would be the most trusted and efficient. My third reasoning behind choosing fiber again is the potential noise issues which could slow down the network and cause disturbances. Two specific points where I think noise will be present are when employees are working from home trying to connect through the VPN connection in windows XP there can be attenuation issues which is loss of signal strength. The VPN connections allow window XP clients to connect to a VPN remote access server by using PPTP and LT2P network protocols. Secondly with the wireless network infrastructure implemented if too many users are trying to use the same channel (not enough bandwidth to go around) and the adapter settings are not done properly then there are bound to be interruptions with the data transmission, any form of signal issue is a potential for noise. My recommendation to eliminate this issue would be keeping the routers in an area central to the rest of the devices that will be connecting and changing the wireless channel on the router associated with the wireless connection. The key devices needed to put the network together are 2 servers, (one will be used for backup although we are using cloud computing) CAT6 cable, 2 wireless routers / wireless switches, a network adapter and a repeater. All these devices together links up all the local and remote network segments with each other to make data communication flow better. Because of the size of the network there are a number of peripheral, devices applications and data that will be shared by users on the network. Some of the peripheral devices include the router and modem which will be used to connect all the computers, the printers and copiers, scanners for scanning documents and file and folder sharing. Some of the application software shared will be emails, internet and the web browser. Everyone on the network will also share the same operating system which will be windows 7. The document sharing will be shared among the users on the same network because they all will be connected to the main server. When updates need to be made it won’t be sent to individual computers instead it will be sent through the network and server so all computers are updated automatically. Although a license has to be purchased for every user who is using the software on their individual computers everyone will be able to share and use the same program or software on the network as long as they are connected. Because of the partial wireless nature of the network, there are a number of protocols with needed to be implemented. The two protocols that are implemented are PPPoE and PPP. PPPoE stands for Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet and PPP stands for Point to Point Protocol which is a member of the TCP/IP suite of network protocols. PPP is usually used over serial communications like dial-up modem connections. The advancement of technology has brought hackers and cyber-attack at an all-time high, so securing the network deemed a bit challenging especially due to the wireless part which possess security and technical challenges. Some of the security issues include viruses, worms, denial or service, hackers and the list goes on. To secure the data on the LAN I will be implementing Data Encryption Standard which is a commonly used encryption method used to send and receive secure transactions. To avoid and intercept viruses and worms I implemented an antivirus called the Symantec Endpoint Protection. Symantec Endpoint Protection offers great performance and support for virtual environments; antivirus scans are reduced because of layering technologies like insight which lowers the risk of cyber criminals. The third form of security that I have implemented is the use of a firewall. A firewall is a system or combination of systems that supports an access control between two networks so in this case it would be between my LAN and the WAN which is the World Wide Web. A firewall limits users on the internet from accessing certain portions of a corporate network and can limit internal users from accessing various parts of the internet. This is where access control would play a part. Firewalls come in two basic types, packet filters and proxy servers. Packet filters examines all incoming and outgoing transmissions and filter out those transmissions that are deemed illegal. Proxy’s on the other hand are computers running at the entrance to a computer network and acting as a gatekeeper. Finally because of the wireless part of my network I will need to make sure that there is wireless security implemented by making sure that a password is used to long in. The use of WAP (Wi-Fi Protected Access) will be used as the encryption key to keep the wireless segment protected and secured. In relation to physical security I recommend always locking up the server rooms, turning them off will save on power but won’t avoid unauthorized persons from tampering, ensuring that there are good locks on the server door is crucial. Secondly disconnecting and removing computers that are not being used and locking them up is a way to prevent hackers from accessing unsecured computers that are connected to the network. Employees who are out to lunch should also lock their computer to avoid the fellow employee from accessing files that they are not authorized to see. The third physical security option is disabling the drives; If you want to prevent your employees from copying information to a removable media disabling or removing floppy drives, USB ports and any means of connecting to external drives is important. Disk locks can be inserted into floppy drives on the computers that are restricted. The forth physical security I would install is a backup server, not at the current location but somewhere away from the office. In case there is a fire in any of the office or someone messes with any of the computers, the files will be stored at a secure location outside of any of the offices that the company in question has. Network security starts at the physical level, having firewalls won’t deter an intruder who is able to gain physical access to your network and computers’ so locking up well is the key. Although every aspect of the network was addressed there were some issues that came up towards the end of the project right when the company was about to lunch the new system. The 2 deficiencies that came up were related to the hardware which was associated with the physical structure of the network as well as performance issues. Part B: Proposal Document Project Justification: The LAN has the potential to be a great network because it has the potential of expanding into a WAN, so to address the problems which were just discovered I have put together a proposal which is guaranteed to eliminate the hardware and performance issues associated with the connection on the network. It is important that the hardware issues which includes the printers, telephone lines and VPN connectors are dealt with before the new network is completely lunched because not only is invoicing done for clients in the New York, but the office in Tokyo needs to access the same files and need to be able to send documents to the printer/ fax machines with no encumbrance. The current infrastructure’s VPN connection was not configured correctly so during testing it was brought to my knowledge that anyone who would be working from home would have issues getting a connection. Secondly with the installation of the VoIP telephones we realized that the connection was not clear and any long distance calls which went over 5 minutes would be disconnected. The performance issues which had been a problem from conception stemmed from me not taking into consideration the applications that were going to run on the network and the use of a hub instead of a switch.

HRM Activities in Tesco

HRM Activities in Tesco In any organization, the most important asset is its employees though it may or may not be profit-oriented. So the most complicated task is to manage the human resource. Today, in the rapid advancement of technology, Human Resource is unavoidable. No machines can replace Human Resource in utilization the available resources effectively. In this competitive market, every organization ensures that it has an effective and efficient Human Resource Development that supports to achieve every objective. The HR department works very hard in utilization of every available human resource to realize the organizations by linking it with the policies and strategy. The HR department also helps the employs understand and respect the values of the organization by constantly conducting activities that involve the employee from every level in the organization. Every large scale firm activity needs to be supported by different departments integrated into one which leads to as a group activity and finally it becomes a coordinated activity carried out at various levels to achieve the organisational goal. Therefore, these strategic objectives can be achieved only with effective human resources management which is controlled by HR department. In the assignment, we have given to carry out research into the HR policies carried out by Tesco. COMPANY PROFILE Tesco is the biggest super market in UK. It has been dominating in British retail sector with domestic market share and global sales. It initially caters in food and later expanded its area of business like clothing, electronics, financial services and telecom. So the Tescos has set up the store namely Tesco extra, Tesco metro and Tesco express in order to meet the customers needs. Since Tesco is considered a one stop retail outlet that has covered every segment of market in the country and it shows Tesco has a great number of manpower. This shows how the HR strategy has been implemented. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Three key HRM activities carried out by Tesco are: Recruitment and pay revision. Training and development. Providing healthy work atmosphere. (See appendix-1) Recruitment, training and healthy work environment are the three key HRM activities carried out by Tesco which I would like to discuss. Recruitment is the process of new employment which is consists of important steps. Some of the important steps involved in recruitment are call for application, criteria allocation, short listing, interview, salary negotiation and offer of employment. Its all about acquiring more human resource as per requirement which can be met in different ways like open day recruitment, application through own website, from agencies on contractual basis, interview from campus and finally internal job posting (IJP). Every job offer should be incompliance with the rules and regulations. Some of the important rules and regulations are: Equal Pay Act (1970). Sex Discrimination Act (1975), Race Relations Act (1976), Disability Discrimination Act (1995), Employment Protection Act (1978). Tesco plc is one of the organizations in the UK that follows very strict procedure of recruitment with aware of various acts. Every different position has its own unique procedure. Most of the selection is done through online system like customer support agent and its immediate higher level appointments and so on. Before any direct interview the candidate is short listed by an online procedure by general aptitude test. Then those who pass the test are called for interview thereby saving time and energy from both sides. Direct application is also available in store which helps in the same way. For higher management positions, there are a few ways like appointing external agencies and direct reputed institutions and also through internal job posting. Once the right candidate is selected the next process is training where the potential of candidate is transformed with the help of available resource to convert them into standard employee. Generally there are two types of training available namely process training where the candidate is made aware of the process his/her duties. The second is on the job training. This is carried further once management feels that employee is able take his responsibilities. So every step is carefully studied and overlooked by HR department in order to ensure the efficiency. Every large scale organization provides training to their employees so does the Tesco plc. Tesco plc ensures that new employee is carefully nested into the organization. They provide training with a payment options and other facilities to the fulltime employees. Tesco plc always demands proficiency among its employees. It also carries out the different programmes like personality development and career advancement options available from time-to time in order boost their morale. Providing healthy work atmosphere is another challenge for the HR department. As we know the world is global village so we can see multicultural society and it is not easy for them to mix into the crowd that they may feel not welcoming. So the HR department duties to make sure these things are discussed and evaluated among the employees before they come on board. Personal Health and Safety is also important issues which needs to addressed by the HR department very cautiously. Better work environment encourage employees to perform their best and to provide better work atmosphere is another challenge for any organization. Tesco plc is aware of this fact. So it ensures that every single employee is aware of his/her rights within the organization. Tesco plc provides more opportunities like part-time and weekend jobs where most of the students are encouraged to work. Though it can be complicated but Tesco plc ensures that this is carried out carefully with the help of HR department. It is the responsibility of HR department to ensure that proper shifts are allocated and there is no confusion among the employee. So these are the reoccurring issues which HR team have to handle it with great care. Tesco plc prohibited the consumption of alcohol and other related products within the premises in order to ensure the safe working atmosphere. This reflects the capability and vision of Tesco plc to provide better work conditions for its employees. Assessing the effectiveness of the Tesco Approach In the era of globalization, every organization like Tesco plc must keep itself along with other organizations on being globally competitive. So employee involved in the organization must be competitive so that they can achieve competitive advantage. The analysis of HR management is based on the different activities carried out. The different activities of HRM that are going to be analysed here are recruitment, training and safety. Tesco plc is one of those organizations that thrive for customer satisfaction and retention. Providing the best prices to stop the customer going anywhere else is the main objective of Tesco plc. For this, Tesco needs to be aware of prices, quality of products, facilities and most important is customer service. For better customer service, the employees need to be trained time-to time. Not every employee joins the company with ample experience and customer skills. So they need to be developed from scratch for a few. Tesco plc is providing employment to stu dents and other part time employees which could help to regulate cost of production. This is vital factor since Tesco plc trying to reduce cost by introducing customer new low price products. It also encourages employee to work close to their homes in order to save the time which makes life easy for all. In addition to these, employees are allowed to opt for transfer that will help to keep loyal to the organization i.e. low labour turnover. Training employees reveals the involvement and dedication of any HR department of organization. Training is cost incurring process which is difficult to afford once it is not utilised economically. So the HR department has to be careful in providing the right training to the right candidate in the organization. As earlier discussed, training could be of two types i.e. process training and on the job training. The main components of Tesco plc training procedure are: Core skills programme fundamental training which helps to deal with customer. Winning in Europe- designed especially for countries other than UK. Excel programme- ranges from fundamental to manger training programme. Training procedure is carried out to perfection in the Tesco. Training with pay and training alongside senior experienced employees provide the best work atmosphere for the best performances. Tescos long-term strategy is to continue with training to employee and to integrate this into culture of the organization. So it always emphasis on staff training and to integrate this learning in the organization. So when employees are trained and showing a higher commitment to the organization which make them feel as part of the overall strategy. Finally, this leads employees feel valued and results a more committed workforce Safety at work is criteria that Tesco management insists to be accounted for in the best possible means. Disaster management and other safety training are provided to employee at no extra charges. This is the contribution that organization makes to the benefits of employees career, a certain advantage. Prohibition of intake of any alcohol related products or any form or drugs unless prescribed by doctor is another step taken by Tesco plc to ensure safety of fellow employee and the customer. Two HRM model For any organization to perform its task efficiently and achieve its common objectives, the people are the utmost important resources to the management. The two approaches have been developed namely hard approach and soft approach. There are two models of activity has developed which I would like discuss in relation to Tesco plc. They are as follows: Harvard model Michigan model The Harvard model was developed in the year 1984 by group of academics. This model is also referred as soft HRM which emphasizes on more human side. According to this model human are not only resources but also a human. There are four main HR policies which are very important in order to deal with people. Firstly there is employee-influence which is inclusive of power, delegation and responsibility with purpose and interest of management. The second is the element of human resources flow i.e. recruitment, selection, placement and promotion, job security, career advancement and termination of employment. The next is rewarding system such as pay and motivation like bonuses, insurances and flexible working hour. The reward should be always align with the overall organizational strategy. Finally work system which deals with the arrangements of people, information and technology i.e. right man in right job with depending upon the skills. (See appendix-2) The Michigan model was developed by Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna in the year 1984. This model is known as hard HRM which is focus on human resource which should be used and exploited fully in order to achieve organizational goals. Here people are treated as a means of achieving the organizations strategy. It also assumes that HRM will respond to the external and internal environment. Basically this model concentrates on managing human assets by motivating and rewarding them in order to achieve companys goal. (See appendix-3) The Harvard model emphasizes on human formulation with HR elements and is considered as the soft aspects of HRM. The soft aspect of HRM is related with human relation whereas the hard aspect is seen as emerging from the business strategy and policy. On the other hand, the Michigan model focused on the human resources strategies and structures in order to improve the companys performances. It considers human resources as key resource of the organization. These two models are the most commonly use HRM models in business today. Based upon the above analysis it can be concluded that the soft model is advisable to be practiced within the service sector while manufacturing sector would be better to use the Michigan model of HRM for increased production. Tesco and its Approach towards HRM Tescos approach towards its HR policies and practices demonstrated the both approaches i.e. soft and hard version of HRM. Tesco is continuously invest on human resources i.e. employees empowerment, participation of employee in management. Tesco also ensures that each employee has the opportunity to understand his or her individual role in contributing to the its core purpose and values which require commitment with an innovative induction programme. Tescos human-resources strategy revolves around work simplification, challenging unwritten rules, achieving steering-wheel targets. It also emphasise on higher level of training to all employees which results in higher commitment to the organization. This highlights the way in which Tescos business measures are closely linked to hard and soft version of HRM Critical analysis of HR performance at Tesco Analysis of performance of any process plays a key role in the development of any organization. As a result of this analysis, various HR plans and policies can be evaluated in order to find out the effectiveness i.e. drawbacks. Recruitment, training and development of employee calibre and also providing best working condition with suitable growth opportunities has been met with high standard. Apart from these, keeping track of the best performance of employee and providing them with opportunity for overall growth and retaining them has been carried out successfully. The analysis shows that the HR department has been performing to the required level of standard in the existing market. We can see the Tesco plc management style of recruitment is strong enough in order to maintain low cost with highly effective training which consists of senior employees as well. Tesco plc also have been using the external agencies to recruit the employees in order to ensures quality recruitment. Tesco p lc ensures the employee is recruited in lines with the national minimum wages or above minimum wages to pay. They also offer the job to those student who wants to work as a part time or weekends which would meet both i.e. organization and student goal. Every employee is aware of his/ her positions and duties to be carried on which is primary activity of HR department. A job description is handed out in order to make aware of task to be performed by each individual employee. The payment procedure is also responsibility of HR department and Tesco ensures that they follow the national minimum wages act. And also there is an alternative feature that is periodical increment in the payment and evaluation based on the performance. Safety of the employee is the prime concern for the HR of Tesco plc which is met with extreme cautiously. They are trained to help themselves in the event of any unfortunate incidents or accidents like fire or theft. This is all to ensure safety among the employee and establish morale. This kind of Tescos method really helps the individual learning preference. This further complicates the role of HRD, balancing organizational needs with the individuals expectations. Employees will vary from each other. So its HR duty to organize right people in right job and this will help to sustain competitive advantage. CONCLUSION The role of human resources in any organization is very crucial in order to achieve organizational goal. The study of Tescos HR policies has focused on level of training provided to all employees i.e. an effect in the bottom line which leads to more commitment among the employees. The study carried out on the different activities of a general HR department and that of Tescos explain that Tesco has been highly successful in implementing the suitable plan and programme. So this helped Tescos to increase their market share and retail units over the years which have been achieved partly through effective HR department although it is not sole factor in their path to success but it has certainly been a major factor of Tesco plc. APPENDICES Appendix-1 Human Resources Activities C:Usersshahi kingDesktophrm activities.gif Adapted: http://www.bized.co.uk Appendix-2 http://www.africancentreforcommunity.com/Best%20Perspectives%20to%20human%20resource%20management%20by%20Arrey%20Mbongaya%20Ivo-Dateien/image005.jpg Figure 1 Harvard model HRM cycle, source: Beer et al, 1984, it works on commitment, congruence, competence and cost effectiveness Appendix-2 http://www.africancentreforcommunity.com/Best%20Perspectives%20to%20human%20resource%20management%20by%20Arrey%20Mbongaya%20Ivo-Dateien/image007.jpg Figure.2 The Michigan model, source; Fombrun, Tichy Devanna, 1984. HRM cycle; selection, appraisal, rewards development increase organisational performance

Remembering Vietnam :: Vietnam War Essays

Remembering Vietnam "Facing It," by Yusef Komunyakaa talks about a war which most, if not all Americans are familiar with. The ever so controversial Vietnam Conflict, also known as the Vietnam War. This poem was very well written, and I respect all that was said in the context of the poem. "Facing It," discusses his visit to the Vietnam Memorial in Washington D.C., and his emotions that he experienced while he was at the memorial. I can not imagine what the feelings would be like to see one of my friend's name etched in this wall, although Tomas Van Putten can. I had a personal phone interview with him on October 30th, 2002. Tom Van Putten served nine years in the U.S. Army, two of which were spent in Vietnam. In a phone interview with Tom, I asked him if he had ever visited the monument. In fact, he did and he discussed with me how hard it was to see a dozen names of men he knew that were put on that wall. "It's really an awesome monument; it is hard remembering what it was like coming home. I was definitely changed for life " (Van Putten). Most of the content Mr. Van Putten and I spoke about, alluded back to "Facing It." Komunyakaa really shows me that he is emotional about the monument by his visions that he sees when he is at the wall. "My black face fades / hiding inside the black granite" (1-2). Here I believe he is realizing he should be on that wall. I feel as if he may be remembering a point in time in Vietnam that he was involved in an incident that should have cost him his life. Also, these are all names. His fading face makes me think that he realizes that there were no separate races in that war. When I told Mr. Van Putten about this part of the poem, he said "Yea, you are right. We all looked the same. We were all Americans." "I said I wouldn't, dammit: no tears" (3-4). How could you not cry at this scene. Hundreds, if not thousands of fellow Americans that Komunkyaa had interacted with at one point in time, or another, were just names etched on a wall. I asked Mr. Van Putten what the overall environment was like once he arrived in Vietnam. Mr. Van Putten described the environment of Vietnam as a "pretty country, really nice. Remembering Vietnam :: Vietnam War Essays Remembering Vietnam "Facing It," by Yusef Komunyakaa talks about a war which most, if not all Americans are familiar with. The ever so controversial Vietnam Conflict, also known as the Vietnam War. This poem was very well written, and I respect all that was said in the context of the poem. "Facing It," discusses his visit to the Vietnam Memorial in Washington D.C., and his emotions that he experienced while he was at the memorial. I can not imagine what the feelings would be like to see one of my friend's name etched in this wall, although Tomas Van Putten can. I had a personal phone interview with him on October 30th, 2002. Tom Van Putten served nine years in the U.S. Army, two of which were spent in Vietnam. In a phone interview with Tom, I asked him if he had ever visited the monument. In fact, he did and he discussed with me how hard it was to see a dozen names of men he knew that were put on that wall. "It's really an awesome monument; it is hard remembering what it was like coming home. I was definitely changed for life " (Van Putten). Most of the content Mr. Van Putten and I spoke about, alluded back to "Facing It." Komunyakaa really shows me that he is emotional about the monument by his visions that he sees when he is at the wall. "My black face fades / hiding inside the black granite" (1-2). Here I believe he is realizing he should be on that wall. I feel as if he may be remembering a point in time in Vietnam that he was involved in an incident that should have cost him his life. Also, these are all names. His fading face makes me think that he realizes that there were no separate races in that war. When I told Mr. Van Putten about this part of the poem, he said "Yea, you are right. We all looked the same. We were all Americans." "I said I wouldn't, dammit: no tears" (3-4). How could you not cry at this scene. Hundreds, if not thousands of fellow Americans that Komunkyaa had interacted with at one point in time, or another, were just names etched on a wall. I asked Mr. Van Putten what the overall environment was like once he arrived in Vietnam. Mr. Van Putten described the environment of Vietnam as a "pretty country, really nice.

Religion in Public Schools :: Prayer in Public Schools

Religion in the Classroom In the past Religion was confined to the state now with religious freedom everything has changed or at least started to change. In order for religion to be in a private school now it is again trying to be in Public schools. People ask "why can't freedom to acknowledge god be enjoyed again by children in every schoolroom across this land?" In the past, a long time ago children always prayed before class started and before lunch. But things have changed, "in 1791 the separation of church and state" started. Although it was made clear about the separation of the two "as late as 1951 some twenty states permitted schools to begin the day by reading aloud a passage of the bible." Bu t that had to stop. People didn't have the same beliefs when it comes to religion, if a family absent even believe in god why should their child be forced to pray? On many different occasions questions similar to this one were brought up and complained about. That is what started it all real big. When complaining, arguing and fighting all started over the silent moment. In 1978 a few lawyers got together and considered a constitutional law. The original law said that public school teachers in gr ades 1-6 "shall announce that a period of silence, not to exceed one minute, shall be observed for meditation." This law did not work for long, because it still allowed oral prayer in public high schools. Later in 1981, the Alabama State Senator D onald G. Holmes successfully passed a bill that included all grades calling it "the moment of silence" this law said that "the teacher (was) to announce that the silent moment may be used for voluntary prayer." Although it would have to be si lent prayer. Even after this new law started the lawyers that were opposed to this were trying to say that students "do not have a right to pray in school" silently or otherwise because of growing impressions that affect their life. The silent mom ent supposedly "(forced) religion on children." I don't agree with that at all, if there has to be a moment of silence then any child can use that moment however he or she wants, it does not necessarily have to be used fro prayer. Usually "the chi ldren who have been brought up with prayer or some type of religion are usually proven to be better" kids.

Nike Executive Summary

Is Nike Worth the Buy? Thomas Senyard Issue It has been a week since Nike’s analyst meeting in which management unveiled a plan to revitalize the company. Kimi Ford wonders, is Nike a good buy for her mutual fund? Background Nike’s recent market share has been declining. The new strategy that management introduced plans to develop a better mid-priced shoe, to push their apparel line and to put more effort into expense control. Lehman Brothers say that Nike is a strong buy, but UBS Warburg and CSFB analysts recommend not buying right now.Analysis There are several different methods that can be used to find the WACC and use it to decide whether a stock will be a good buy or not. The Earning’s Capitalization Model is not appropriate in this case because it does not work well for growing companies, as Nike is trying to do, and the Dividend Discount Model has several subjective inputs making it inferior to the CAPM method of determining WACC. Using this method Nikeâ⠂¬â„¢s WACC is found to be 9. 8%.Using this Nike is found to have very good returns on capital, with a reasonable amount of debt, at not too high of a cost. This WACC figure is higher than the one that Ford used, but it still shows us that the stock is undervalued, but by only about $15. This leads to a recommendation that Ford’s mutual fund should add Nike to its portfolio, and from the financial and debt ratios calculated, we get information that says Nike should continue to grow to higher stock prices after reaching the price it was valued at today.

Role of Ngo in Devlopment

Several Nags have worked hand in hand with the Government to ensure hat millions of out of school children are enrolled and continue their school education, thus making the right to education a reality. The leprosy eradication programmer was spearheaded by Nags and today only residual leprosy remains in our country. Nags have implemented the Jayvee Dharma programmer for creation of wells for safe drinking water; promoted community toilets for total sanitation, and supported the public health programs on immunization and for eliminating tuberculosis and malaria.The much celebrated , Normal gram, and Swastika BEMA of the government have their roots in the work of many Nags. Nags eave significantly influenced the development of laws and policies on several important social and developmental issues such as the right to information, Juvenile justice, ending corporal punishment in schools, anti-trafficking, forests and environment, wildlife conservation, women, elderly people, people with disability, rehabilitation and resettlement of development induced displaced people to name a few.Further, Nags made their modest attempts to ensure the effective implementation of these laws and policies by conducting and disseminating findings from participatory research, budget analysis, public hearings, social audits, rockroses, seminars and conferences. Summing up, it is now well established that Nags have an important role to play in the development processes and that both the state and market need the collaboration of credible, active, and accountable Nags.Given their connect with the grassroots realities, Nags can and should play the â€Å"game changer† to pro-poor development through leadership on participatory research, community empowerment and search for development alternatives. 36 Google +0 Telecommuting 0 19 | Latest Articles GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) Why our prayers are not answered? Positive Attitude Support Honesty Peaks E Ashram O Hay 1 20th century transferred the number of issues to its successor with regard to social sector.Perhaps among those most discussion able and dispersing one is â€Å"The Role of MONGO, s largely depending upon the contribution made by the socially developed countries, which on its turn also exalted a number of issues lying under the generous contribution made, by the developed world. But as far as our concern, the presentation contains in itself the evolutionary development of the concept both theoretically and practically emerging the various types of Nags I. E. Heritable organizations, national organizations, community organization boards and international Nags etc.The objectives of these Nags as relief welfare, community development, sustainable system and people's participation are also considered in this work. The role of Nags which are common for almost all the Mongo, s with regard to development in different fields as in education, health, women welfare etc are mostly sponsored b y international Nags. Nags also contribute their due share in the development sector of Pakistan and the facts about their activities funds and utilization of funds is also considered in this presentation.The Nags are also working in rural areas of Pakistan and their programs in these areas are also under the consideration of our paper. So, all the presentation will provide the knowledge and basic facts about the role of Nags in development both at national and international level, their types, work ability and objectives and some fact about their weaknesses. Introduction The term MONGO seems to be deceptively simple. It may overlook the enormous variety and differential capabilities of different Nags. N fact, Nags offer a kaleidoscopic collection of organizations varying in origin, size, programmer, ideology, role strategy, ending, linkages evaluation, problem etc. Nags embrace a bewildering group of organizations varying in terms of innumerable parameters. No standard definition c an include all organizations working at present under the title of MONGO, originally voluntarism was a doctrine which held that the will is dominant factor or it is a principle relying on one's own free will for an action.The definition of Nags vary as:According to Asian Development Bank the term non-governmental organization refers to organization based in government. Not created to earn profit. United Nations defines it â€Å"Nags are private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interest of poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services or undertake community development

Congress Essay

More or less zero. The way things look right now, there is no chance that Republicans in Congress are going to feel as if they have any reason to cooperate with Obama. They are going to oppose him on everything important and hope that they can beat him next November President President Obama has recently introduced a number of reforms and job stimulus ideas, all of which have been rejected or tabled by the Republican controlled House of Representatives. Both Obama's introducing them (knowing they had no chance) and the House rejecting them (knowing an election is coming) were political moves timed to position themselves for running in the strongest possible environment. I think both sides know they cannot fix the economy by next November, so they are trying to impress upon voters who they should blame for it. Obama's window of opportunity was from 2009-midterm elections in 2010. Unless something seriously alters the political dynamic between now and next fall, Republicans in Congress will â€Å"play to their base,† and thus see compromise as politically lethal. There are very few aspects of Obama's agenda that stand a chance of getting through Congress, I think My first pick is Franklin D. Roosevelt. He faced so much hardship in his time of office (the Great Depression and World War II). He was elected to rescue the nation from its worst economic crisis ever! FDR exuded hope to people accustomed to despondency. Acting immediately, in his fabled first hundred days in office, FDR enacted much of the framework of his â€Å"New Deal† economic program, which was to get Americans working again, even if it cost the government a fortune to do it. He created agency after agency in an attempt to put people to work. Roosevelt also looked to protect Americans at risk of impoverishment by establishing federal programs to support individuals financially with programs like Social Security and the establishment of a national minimum wage; Roosevelt protected unions with the passage of the National Labor Relations Act. My second choice, which my wife thought I was insane for, is Richard Nixon. Love him or hate him, the late 1960s and early 1970s were all about Richard Nixon. He entered office with the undeclared war in Southeast Asia as the nation’s albatross, and personally directed its prosecution. Without a mandate to do so, he escalated the conflict, and then shifted the emphasis from ground forces to air power, and eventually negotiated with the North Vietnamese. He successfully split the Soviets and the Chinese from Hanoi by playing the two superpowers off against each other, and then initiated the foreign policy objective of Detente to reduce tensions between the East and West. In doing so, Nixon laid the groundwork for much that was to follow. Domestically, he implemented new economic policies and rallied the â€Å"silent majority† to action. The only real threat to Richard Nixon was, in the end, himself. Were it not for his self-inflicted wounds, his presidency would have been seen as an unmitigated triumph.

What Is Rotaract

Rotaract clubs are part of a global effort to bring peace and international understanding to the world. This effort starts at the community level but knows no limits in its outreach. Rotaractors have access to the many resources of Rotary International (RI) and The Rotary Foundation. Rotary International provides the administrative support that helps Rotaract clubs thrive. History Rotaract has evolved quickly in its short but dynamic history. In the early 1960s, Rotary clubs around the world began to sponsor university youth groups as community service projects. The 1967-68 RI president, Luther H. Hodges, and the RI Board of Directors considered this club activity to have international relevance, and Rotaract was approved in 1968 as an official program for Rotary clubs. The first club chartered was the Rotaract Club of North Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, on 13 March 1968. Several decades later, the Rotaract program has grown into a strong, international network of 7,300 clubs in more than 150 countries and geographical areas. Rotaract’s 145,000 members are young men and women (ages 18 to 30) who serve the needs of their communities, widen their personal and professional contacts, and increase their understanding of the world. Goals Rotaract has the following goals: ? To develop professional and leadership skills ? To emphasize respect for the rights of others, based on recognition of the worth of each individual ? To recognize the dignity and value of all useful occupations as opportunities to serve ? To recognize, practice, and promote ethical standards as leadership qualities and vocational responsibilities ? To develop knowledge and understanding of the needs, problems, and opportunities in the community and worldwide To provide opportunities for personal and group activities to serve the community and promote international understanding and goodwill toward all people How does Rotaract fit into the Rotary family? Rotary International is a worldwide service organization for leading business and professional men and women, with more than 1. 2 million members in over 31,000 Rotary clubs. Each Rotaract club is sponsored by a local Rotary club. This sponsorship is a result of Rotary’s belief that you ng people, or New Generations, should take an active interest in community life and have the opportunity for professional development. Organizing a Rotaract club is one of the most rewarding activities a Rotary club can undertake in its community. The Rotaract program gives Rotarians the opportunity to mentor dynamic young women and men interested in providing service to their own communities as well as the global community. In turn, a Rotaract club can bring new energy to a Rotary club, inspire fresh ideas for service, increase support for projects, and help develop future Rotary club members. Rotaract clubs are self-governed and largely self-financedat the local level. Working in cooperation with their sponsoring Rotary clubs as partners in service, Rotaractors are an importantpart of Rotary’s extended family. What does a Rotaract club do? Rotaract clubs organize a variety of projects and activities, depending primarily on the interests of the club members. However, within the Rotaract program, all clubs undertake three types of activities in varying degrees: professional development, leadership development, and service projects. Together, these three areas ensure a balanced club program and provide important experience and opportunities for the personal development of each Rotaractor. Professional Development A club’s professional development activities should expand the members’ understanding of the work environment and business opportunities within their community. These activities should highlight the Rotaractor’s role in the community’s economic development and illustrate how skills developed through service activities can help in resolving problems in the workplace. Each Rotaract club should provide professional development opportunities to its members through activities such as: ? Professional and vocational forums Business technology updates ? Management and marketing seminars ? Conferences on business and professional ethics ? Presentations on finance and credit options for business start-up Sponsoring Rotarians can enhance the professional development of Rotaractors by providing practical advice on entering the business world and tackling business, vocational, and professional challenges. Making the club’s professional d evelopment projects into joint Rotaract-Rotary projects can also help Rotaractors get better acquainted with sponsoring Rotarians. Leadership Development A club’s leadership development activities aim not only to make members more effective leaders in their personal lives, but also to teach them how to develop and sustain strong clubs with relevant projects. Important topics to address in training club leaders include: ? Improving public speaking skills ? Developing techniques for marketing the Rotaract program to potential members ? Building consensus among members ? Delegating project responsibilities and ensuring necessary follow-up ? Identifying channels for project publicity and promotion ? Finding financial resources for strengthening club development ? Assessing project success Service Projects Service Above Self is Rotary’s foremost guiding principle. A Rotaract club’s service projects are designed to improve the quality of life at home and abroad. These projects often address today’s most critical issues, such as violence, drug abuse, AIDS, hunger, the environment, and illiteracy. Each Rotaract club is required to complete at least two major service projects annually, one to serve the community and the other to promote international understanding. Each should involve all or most of the members of the club.

Analysing Gender Inequality In Sports Sociology Essay

Analysing Gender Inequality In Sports Sociology Essay This essay will seek to describe the issue of women in sports, and discuss the reasons for this, with relevance to some of the concepts covered in this course. It will also go on to discuss the improvements and positives observed in recent years, and explore some other possible measures to improve the situation in the future. 2. Background In Ancient Olympics, competitive sports were masculine affairs. While males compete to show their prowess, women were prohibited to even watch competitions, much less compete. Quite simply, even in this day and age of supposed equality and meritocracy, sport still remains a male domain, especially on the community level. Even with improved opportunities and treatment, there is still an invisible barrier between sport and the everyday woman. In the next section, this essay shall explore some of the reasons for this situation. 3. Reasons 3.1 Introduction to Gender Ideology in sports The concept of ideology is one that we take for granted, or rather, something we do not even think about. It refers to the ideas and explanations we have been given since young, to explain personal and social life. We have been using our ingrained ideologies to make decisions and judgments ever since we could, without ever questioning or knowing them. In addition, Taylor (1994) mentioned that our identities are formed based on dialogical relations with our significant others. In other words, the complexities of our identities are not formed through cultural identification alone (monologic model) but through the interactions with people who are important to us. Gender, even more so than race or class, is a pivotal organizing factor in social life. While a person’s sex is decided by physical characteristics such as genitalia, gender is a social construct formed and shaped by the society (James A. Banks).It is the fundamental way humans classify each other. Thus, we are especially reliant on gender ideology and it is extremely influential on ho w we organize our thoughts, actions and lives, and how parents bring up their offspring. The deep-rootedness of gender ideology means that everyone makes decisions based on it, from children, teenagers, parents to people in power. Gender ideology plays a big role in how sport has been carried out throughout the ages. The idea that men are supposed to be strong, aggressive, fast and competitive is reproduced in many sports. Conversely, women are not encouraged to play sports because the above traits are not associated with women (women’s athletics: coping with controversy). Thus, a woman exhibiting the above traits would be going against the gender ideology that most people submit to, and this would make her an anomaly. A woman would have to cope not only with her community seeing her as ‘not feminine’, she also has to deal with lack of resources and financial support because her politicians also have the same ideology and do not support women in sport. Fortunatel y, the situation has considerably improved from the past. 3.2 Gender Ideology: dominance and stereotypes The fact that males are the dominant group is also accepted by most as part of their understanding of gender ideologies. This is correspondent to John Clammer’s point that social inequalities are seen as ‘natural’ and hence not to be tampered with.

Pay for Performance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pay for Performance - Research Paper Example Therefore, effectiveness of pay for performance can be measured with surveys aims at findings about employee satisfaction and motivation levels (Gomez-Mejia, 2010). Furthermore, their on job performances and achievement of their goals may also help in knowing that whether or not certain pay for performance program is effective. Lastly, financial numbers and ratios, such as revenues, sales, expenses, profitability, operating income, profit margins, return on investment and others remain as major tool to measure their effectiveness. If any pay for performance plan is motivating employees but not adding to the financial success of the company then it is better for the company to revisit the plan and the processes (Schuler & Jackson, 2007). There are many advantages of pay for performance programs for the employees and that is why many companies opt for it. First, by paying employees for their efforts and performances, employers motivate them to improve their performances in order to ear n more (Gerhart & Rynes, 2003). Despite the fact that money is not the only motivator, it is biggest motivator, which means that employees are highly likely to work harder and bring more profits to the company to earn more.

How did the Spanish-American War change America's role in the world In Research Paper

How did the Spanish-American War change America's role in the world In what ways did America's global role stay the same after the war - Research Paper Example s—in extending our commercial relations—to have with them as little political connection as possible.†1 As a corollary to this principle of non-intervention, or isolationism, America remained steadfast in her support of the freedom struggles and democratic movements of other countries, but refused to become embroiled in war by â€Å"spreading our ideals throughout the world by force of arms.†2  This policy came to an end in 1898, with the Spanish-American War. The war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain that began in 1895. American public sympathy for the revolutionaries was exacerbated by the yellow press, reporting atrocities committed by the Spanish General, Valeriano Weyler. American investments in Cuba and the perception of the strategic importance of the island in Central America, led President McKinley to dispatch the battleship USS Maine to Havana, to pressurize Spain. The mysterious explosion of the Maine in February 1898 was attributed to Spain, and public outrage enabled McKinley to enter the Spanish-American War in April 1898. American victory was declared in August. Under the Treaty of Paris, in December 1898, Cuba became an American Protectorate under the Platt Amendment of 1902, Puerto Rico and Guam were received from Spain as indemnity and the Philippines was ceded to America after the Battle of Manila Bay, for $ twenty million.3 The repercussions of the Spanish-American War led to the annexation of the Philippines, which was made an American colony, after the suppression of the Filipino Insurrection, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Intellectuals, like Senator Albert Beveridge, used the concept of ‘Manifest Destiny,’ to justify overseas expansion. Josiah Strong’s Our Country (1885), and Rudyard Kipling’s poem, ‘The White Man’s Burden’ (1899), based on ‘Social Darwinian,’ considered it the ‘duty’ of the ‘superior’ Anglo-Saxon race to spread Christian and Democratic values to ‘backward’ people.

Ebay Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ebay Case Analysis - Assignment Example These include SWOT analysis, STEEP analysis, competitor analysis, and financial comparison. These analysis will enable the management determine whether the company has the prospects of growth and success in its operation and will assist in the formulation of policies required in overcoming the threats and the challenges (Campbell and Craig 73). The tools further reveals the opportunities and the strengths that eBay must continue to pursue to remain a market leader. In as much as eBay recorded growth since inception, recent growth rate has slowed and revenues have declined for the first time. The company growth was achieved because of the strategic alliances and acquisitions that were entered into by the company. Acquisitions and strategic alliances is a faster way of entering new markets and increasing the market share. eBay has started losing market its market share to new innovative competitors and is faced by a host of challenges. Through analyzing the case Donahoe, the company pr esident, aims at determining the following: The greatest opportunities and threats that faces eBay external environment eBay’s greatest weaknesses and strengths whether eBay purpose statement is sufficient in directing the management in making important decisions. Whether shifting of eBay shift from the core competencies is a right strategy for the company’s success. ... STEEP analysis will help in determining the competitiveness of eBay. Factors considered in this analysis are the social, technological, economic, environmental, and political environment. The social factors provide eBay with an opportunity to increase its returns and performance. With an increasing number of people using the internet, eBay is in a position to attract new entrants and increase the number of people buying through the company market place. The youthful population access most of the information online and eBay management can capitalize on this to market their products on face book, twitter, and even Skype. This will reduce marketing costs and further increase the scale of operation. The increasing aging population on the other hand will likely to hamper the performance of eBay because it reduces the company’s primary customers. Economic factors also influence the operations and performance of eBay. First, the economic downturn provides eBay an opportunity to incre ase the number of buyers. With the decline in the disposable income, increased unemployment, and mortgage crisis will make customers look for discounts and therefore prefer eBay as a market place (Campbell and Craig 76). On the other hand, economic downturn also poses a threat on eBay competitiveness as it could result into fewer buyers and force the company to lower the fixed prices by more than 70% to become competitive. This could therefore shrink the revenues and profits of thee business. Furthermore, the fees on charged on infrequent sellers could have a negative impact on the revenues. In addition, the expansion of developing countries would give eBay an

Social Networks in the Middle East, Gulf and Saudi Arabia Literature review

Social Networks in the Middle East, Gulf and Saudi Arabia - Literature review Example The regions digital market has increased tremendously in 2011, with a 240% rise of twitter users in Saudi Arabia in 2011 (Ramzy, n.d) Social Media Sites Number of Users (in millions)       Facebook 58 Twitter 6.5 LinkedIn 5.8 (GO-Gulf 2013) Facebook is the leading social network platform in the region where United Arab Emirates (UAE) has the highest penetration with the service reaching to about 40% of the population. In terms of penetration, LinkedIn has overtaken Twitter especially in the UAE where the business-oriented network LinkedIn reaches 12% of the population compared to 3% for twitter (Richards, 2012) In the Middle East, that 65% of the social media users are male whereas only 35% are female (GO-Gulf, 2013). This is one of the major differences in social media usage between the MENA countries and other parts of the world where statistics show that women are more likely to use social networks than men. Female users in the world stand at around 71% compared to 62% male us ers. The low number of females in the Middle East is attributed to the religious and cultural restrictions imposed upon women. Women are confined to networking with the family only (Walid andMounira, S, 2013). The greatest percentage of social network users is between the age of 18 and 34 which make up 68% of the social network users whereas the most popular topic for discussion in social networks is music and movies, which take about 67% of conversations in the social networks. On the other hand, religion is the least favourable topic for discussion in the social networks (GO-Gulf, 2013). In the recent past, Iraq, Egypt and Algeria have experienced the biggest facebook usage surge with increases between 48 and 61%., due to the facebook blackout that was imposed by the fallen regime in Libya, facebook usage has dropped in Libya but it is expected to rise after it was revived (Messieh, 2011). The rise in facebook usage in these countries is attributed to the role of facebook and soci al media in general in the Arab Spring that saw the fall of major autocratic regimes (Dennis, Martin and Wood, 2013). For instance, News Group, a Dubai based company released a report for which they had monitored social network activities of over ten million accounts a day prior to the events at Tahrir square. They concluded that there were indications of unrest in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world before it got into News headlines (Himelfarb, 2011) The Most Popular Topics for Social Media Users in the Middle East Topics %age       Music & Movies 67% Community Issues 46% Sports 43% Politics 34% Religion 14% (GO-Gulf 2013) Egypt has the largest market for social networks in the region even though the penetration is quite low at around 13%. Statistics show that 1 in every four Arabs in facebook are Egyptians while 80% of the Market share in the gulf region is in the United Arab Emirates (EAU) and Saudi Arabia ( Richards, 2012). The country with the largest social media penetra tion is the UAE with 47.83% of the population on the social media (Messieh, 2011) The number of social network users is increasing in the region for instance; Egypt alone had more than 1.6 million people who joined facebook between January and September 2012. Saudi Arabia and Syria have also seen close to one million new members join the service whereas it is only Turkey and Djibouti that registered a fall in number of members in facebook in 2012. Twitter has also seen a tremendous growth in the region

Construction Law Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Law Report - Essay Example The presence of the discovered iron anvils projects upon the overall construction work schedule in terms of projected period cost implications and required work force. Adding to this is the projected influence upon contractual terms of the agreement, represented in the form of signed binding agreements amongst pertinent project stakeholders. As Martin and Law elude, this would necessitate legal input from construction law, and specifically contract law. It is based on the fact that construction law legally requires both project owner and contractor to act in good faith, with regard to the performance of project contractual obligations. According to the contract – JCT SBC 2011 (with quantities without sectional completions) – terms and conditions are set upon the basis of the construction-time frame, expenditure (estimated overhead) and aspects pertaining to workforce present.The constructor’s obligations with respect to the time for completion of works under the construction contract depends on express provisions stipulated in the contract or, in cases where the terms are not express, then the obligations will be based on terms implied by the English law and in other instances the terms implied for business efficacy purposes. Construction contracts often provide for the payment of liquidated damages for certain types of the breach, for example, breaches concerning delays. The inclusion of clauses on liquidated clauses of the delayed nature has advantages for all parties on the contract.

A Career in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

A Career in Business - Essay Example The international trade that is essential for the growth of Suzhou Aikefu Electronics Co., Ltd has assisted me in my capability to be tolerant to diverse cultures and understand the effect of different cultural backgrounds in business. Further, the placement has assisted me in developing a number of life skills that include communication skills, interaction skills, and information technology (IT) skills. By working in Suzhou Aikefu Electronics Co., Ltd, I managed to get valuable experience that is essential for my future job searches and my experience in work places. The organization that I served under placement was Suzhou Aikefu Electronics Co., Ltd company. The organization is extremely busy serving an array of different categories of customers and so learning was somehow difficult especially in financial department, information systems department and marketing department. In order to get the much required skills in different business related subjects, I had to undertake a negotia ted learning initiative. Negotiated learning can be defined as the process in which the instructor or the employer allows the student to propose a structure that fits him or her in all elements of the process of learning that involves instruction, content, evaluation and assessment. In some cases, it may involve logistics elements such as transportation. The outcome of my negotiated learning can be equated as excellent or I can grant it an academic grade of A. After understanding that the organization had much work and it would be difficult for me to study by myself, I negotiated with my employee on how I was to handle the placement especially on matter involving learning new practical skills. The areas that I emphasized during the negotiations are instruction while working, assessment and evaluation. As such, I was assigned to staff in each department to take me through a number of practical aspects in international trade. The major departments that I concentrated on are marketing, customer care, information technology and financial departments. The assigned staff was also responsible for my assessments. However, the placement time for instructions and assessment had to differ from the original fixed plan of one hour for each department to flexible time frame because of the busy schedule. For instance, there were cases where instruction took only 20 minutes especially during week days , but during weekends, the instruction would take 2 hours. Other changes that took place involved a shift from the original plan where assessment was to be conducted in form of writing to simple verbal assessment in order to evaluate the newly acquired skills (Wolff,1999,p.71). Although there were some reservations among workers who had been assigned to instruct and evaluate me, my good communication skills , my ability to engage in positive discussion and my willingness to obey orders even when performing the tasks that were not in my placement plan enabled me to create positiv e relationship with my co workers. As such, my co workers were willing to assist me in attaining my placement goals (Wolff,1999,p.79). Evaluation of work-Based learning My placement was based in an aluminum processing company, Â  Suzhou Aikefu Electronics Co., Ltd. Â  Suzhou Aikefu Electronics Co., Ltd is one of the largest aluminum processing companies in china. It employs hundreds of employees from different parts of the world. Â  Suzhou Aikefu Electronics Co., Ltd engages in precision machining, CNC lathes, die casting machines, Zeiss CMM, special equipment and supporting test equipment. The organization has a centralized managerial structure although it has several